Python-programming-basics

If you are looking forword to learn basics of python programming, then you definitely like my below post. its quite simple and easy for those who have minimal programing knowledge.

How setup python on your local system and run it?

Basic programming syntax and code snippets

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				<h1 class="titles"><a href="http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/11/python-programming/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Python Programming">
					Python Programming</a></h1>
				
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			Posted  by <a href="http://www.newthinktank.com/author/admin/" title="Posts by Derek Banas" rel="author">Derek Banas</a> on Nov 10, 2014 in <a href="http://www.newthinktank.com/category/web-design/python-how-to/" rel="category tag">Python How To</a> | <a href="http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/11/python-programming/#comments">8 comments</a>
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				<p><a href="http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/11/python-programming/python-programming/"  rel="attachment wp-att-9119"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-9119" alt="Python Programming" src="http://www.newthinktank.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Python-Programming.png" width="150" height="150" /></a>I have received a ton of requests to make a Python programming tutorial in which I teach pretty much everything in one video.</p>
<p>I’ll cover modules, comments, print, arithmetic operators, order of operation, lists, tuples, dictionaries, conditional operators, logical operators, if, else, elif, loops, for, while, break, continue, functions, return, readline(), string operators, file i/o, classes, objects and much more.<span id="more-9118"></span></p>
<p><iframe width="560" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/N4mEzFDjqtA" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></p>
<p>If you like videos like this, it helps others find it when you share on Google Plus with a click here [googleplusone]</p>
<p><strong>Other Videos you may Like</strong></p>
<p><a title="Learn Java in One Video" href="http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/06/java-programming/" >Learn Java in one Video</a><br />
<a title="Learn JavaScript in One Video" href="http://www.newthinktank.com/videos/web-programming/javascript/" >Learn JavaScript in one Video</a><br />
<a title="Learn PHP in One Video" href="http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/08/php-programming/" >Learn PHP in one Video</a><br />
<a title="Learn MySQL in One Video" href="http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/08/mysql-video-tutorial/" >Learn MySQL in one Video</a><br />
<a title="Object Oriented PHP Video Tutorial" href="http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/08/object-oriented-php/" >Learn Object Oriented PHP in one Video</a><br />
<a title="Learn PHP MySQL in One Video" href="http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/09/php-mysql-tutorial/" >Learn PHP & MySQL in One Video</a><br />
<a title="Learn HTML in One Video" href="http://www.newthinktank.com/videos/web-programming/html-xhtml/" >Learn HTML in One Video</a><br />
<a title="Learn CSS in One Video" href="http://www.newthinktank.com/videos/web-programming/css/" >Learn CSS in One Video</a></p>
<p><strong>Cheat Sheet</strong></p><!-- Crayon Syntax Highlighter v2.6.7 -->

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			<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" mouseover overlay hide delay" style="font-size: 12px !important;height: 18px !important; line-height: 18px !important;"><span class="crayon-title">hellopython.py</span>
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# import is used to make specialty functions available
# These are called modules
import random
import sys
import os

# Hello world is just one line of code
# print() outputs data to the screen
print("Hello World")

'''
This is a multi-line comment
'''

# A variable is a place to store values
# Its name is like a label for that value
name = "Derek"
print(name)

# A variable name can contain letters, numbers, or _
# but can't start with a number

# There are 5 data types Numbers, Strings, List, Tuple, Dictionary
# You can store any of them in the same variable

name = 15
print(name)

# The arithmetic operators +, -, *, /, %, **, //
# ** Exponential calculation
# // Floor Division
print("5 + 2 =", 5+2)
print("5 - 2 =", 5-2)
print("5 * 2 =", 5*2)
print("5 / 2 =", 5/2)
print("5 % 2 =", 5%2)
print("5 ** 2 =", 5**2)
print("5 // 2 =", 5//2)

# Order of Operation states * and / is performed before + and -

print("1 + 2 - 3 * 2 =", 1 + 2 - 3 * 2)
print("(1 + 2 - 3) * 2 =", (1 + 2 - 3) * 2)

# A string is a string of characters surrounded by " or '
# If you must use a " or ' between the same quote escape it with \
quote = "\"Always remember your unique,"

# A multi-line quote
multi_line_quote = ''' just
like everyone else" '''

print(quote + multi_line_quote)

# To embed a string in output use %s
print("%s %s %s" % ('I like the quote', quote, multi_line_quote))

# To keep from printing newlines use end=""
print("I don't like ",end="")
print("newlines")

# You can print a string multiple times with *
print('\n' * 5)

# LISTS -------------
# A list allows you to create a list of values and manipulate them
# Each value has an index with the first one starting at 0

grocery_list = ['Juice', 'Tomatoes', 'Potatoes', 'Bananas']
print('The first item is', grocery_list[1])

# You can change the value stored in a list box
grocery_list[0] = "Green Juice"
print(grocery_list)

# You can get a subset of the list with [min:up to but not including max]

print(grocery_list[1:3])

# You can put any data type in a a list including a list
other_events = ['Wash Car', 'Pick up Kids', 'Cash Check']
to_do_list = [other_events, grocery_list]

print(to_do_list)

# Get the second item in the second list (Boxes inside of boxes)
print(to_do_list[1][1])

# You add values using append
grocery_list.append('onions')
print(to_do_list)

# Insert item at given index
grocery_list.insert(1, "Pickle")

# Remove item from list
grocery_list.remove("Pickle")

# Sorts items in list
grocery_list.sort()

# Reverse sort items in list
grocery_list.reverse()

# del deletes an item at specified index
del grocery_list[4]
print(to_do_list)

# We can combine lists with a +
to_do_list = other_events + grocery_list
print(to_do_list)

# Get length of list
print(len(to_do_list))

# Get the max item in list
print(max(to_do_list))

# Get the minimum item in list
print(min(to_do_list))

# TUPLES -------------
# Values in a tuple can't change like lists

pi_tuple = (3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9)

# Convert tuple into a list
new_tuple = list(pi_tuple)

# Convert a list into a tuple
# new_list = tuple(grocery_list)

# tuples also have len(tuple), min(tuple) and max(tuple)

# DICTIONARY or MAP -------------
# Made up of values with a unique key for each value
# Similar to lists, but you can't join dicts with a +

super_villains = {'Fiddler' : 'Isaac Bowin',
                  'Captain Cold' : 'Leonard Snart',
                  'Weather Wizard' : 'Mark Mardon',
                  'Mirror Master' : 'Sam Scudder',
                  'Pied Piper' : 'Thomas Peterson'}

print(super_villains['Captain Cold'])

# Delete an entry
del super_villains['Fiddler']
print(super_villains)

# Replace a value
super_villains['Pied Piper'] = 'Hartley Rathaway'

# Print the number of items in the dictionary
print(len(super_villains))

# Get the value for the passed key
print(super_villains.get("Pied Piper"))

# Get a list of dictionary keys
print(super_villains.keys())

# Get a list of dictionary values
print(super_villains.values())

# CONDITIONALS -------------
# The if, else and elif statements are used to perform different
# actions based off of conditions
# Comparison Operators : ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=

# The if statement will execute code if a condition is met
# White space is used to group blocks of code in Python
# Use the same number of proceeding spaces for blocks of code

age = 30
if age > 16 :
    print('You are old enough to drive')

# Use an if statement if you want to execute different code regardless
# of whether the condition ws met or not

if age > 16 :
    print('You are old enough to drive')
else :
    print('You are not old enough to drive')

# If you want to check for multiple conditions use elif
# If the first matches it won't check other conditions that follow

if age >= 21 :
    print('You are old enough to drive a tractor trailer')
elif age >= 16:
    print('You are old enough to drive a car')
else :
    print('You are not old enough to drive')

# You can combine conditions with logical operators
# Logical Operators : and, or, not

if ((age >= 1) and (age <= 18)):
    print("You get a birthday party")
elif (age == 21) or (age >= 65):
    print("You get a birthday party")
elif not(age == 30):
    print("You don't get a birthday party")
else:
    print("You get a birthday party yeah")

# FOR LOOPS -------------
# Allows you to perform an action a set number of times
# Range performs the action 10 times 0 - 9
for x in range(0, 10):
    print(x , ' ', end="")

print('\n')

# You can use for loops to cycle through a list
grocery_list = ['Juice', 'Tomatoes', 'Potatoes', 'Bananas']

for y in grocery_list:
    print(y)

# You can also define a list of numbers to cycle through
for x in [2,4,6,8,10]:
    print(x)

# You can double up for loops to cycle through lists
num_list =[[1,2,3],[10,20,30],[100,200,300]];

for x in range(0,3):
    for y in range(0,3):
        print(num_list[x][y])

# WHILE LOOPS -------------
# While loops are used when you don't know ahead of time how many
# times you'll have to loop
random_num = random.randrange(0,100)

while (random_num != 15):
    print(random_num)
    random_num = random.randrange(0,100)

# An iterator for a while loop is defined before the loop
i = 0;
while (i <= 20):
    if(i%2 == 0):
        print(i)
    elif(i == 9):
        # Forces the loop to end all together
        break
    else:
        # Shorthand for i = i + 1
        i += 1
        # Skips to the next iteration of the loop
        continue

    i += 1

# FUNCTIONS -------------
# Functions allow you to reuse and write readable code
# Type def (define), function name and parameters it receives
# return is used to return something to the caller of the function
def addNumbers(fNum, sNum):
    sumNum = fNum + sNum
    return sumNum

print(addNumbers(1, 4))

# Can't get the value of rNum because it was created in a function
# It is said to be out of scope
# print(sumNum)

# If you define a variable outside of the function it works every place
newNum = 0;
def subNumbers(fNum, sNum):
    newNum = fNum - sNum
    return newNum

print(subNumbers(1, 4))

# USER INPUT -------------
print('What is your name?')

# Stores everything typed up until ENTER
name = sys.stdin.readline()

print('Hello', name)

# STRINGS -------------
# A string is a series of characters surrounded by ' or "
long_string = "I'll catch you if you fall - The Floor"

# Retrieve the first 4 characters
print(long_string[0:4])

# Get the last 5 characters
print(long_string[-5:])

# Everything up to the last 5 characters
print(long_string[:-5])

# Concatenate part of a string to another
print(long_string[:4] + " be there")

# String formatting
print("%c is my %s letter and my number %d number is %.5f" % ('X', 'favorite', 1, .14))

# Capitalizes the first letter
print(long_string.capitalize())

# Returns the index of the start of the string
# case sensitive
print(long_string.find("Floor"))

# Returns true if all characters are letters ' isn't a letter
print(long_string.isalpha())

# Returns true if all characters are numbers
print(long_string.isalnum())

# Returns the string length
print(len(long_string))

# Replace the first word with the second (Add a number to replace more)
print(long_string.replace("Floor", "Ground"))

# Remove white space from front and end
print(long_string.strip())

# Split a string into a list based on the delimiter you provide
quote_list = long_string.split(" ")
print(quote_list)

# FILE I/O -------------

# Overwrite or create a file for writing
test_file = open("test.txt", "wb")

# Get the file mode used
print(test_file.mode)

# Get the files name
print(test_file.name)

# Write text to a file with a newline
test_file.write(bytes("Write me to the file\n", 'UTF-8'))

# Close the file
test_file.close()

# Opens a file for reading and writing
test_file = open("test.txt", "r+")

# Read text from the file
text_in_file = test_file.read()

print(text_in_file)

# Delete the file
os.remove("test.txt")

# CLASSES AND OBJECTS -------------
# The concept of OOP allows us to model real world things using code
# Every object has attributes (color, height, weight) which are object variables
# Every object has abilities (walk, talk, eat) which are object functions

class Animal:
    # None signifies the lack of a value
    # You can make a variable private by starting it with __
    __name = None
    __height = None
    __weight = None
    __sound = None

    # The constructor is called to set up or initialize an object
    # self allows an object to refer to itself inside of the class
    def __init__(self, name, height, weight, sound):
        self.__name = name
        self.__height = height
        self.__weight = weight
        self.__sound = sound

    def set_name(self, name):
        self.__name = name

    def set_height(self, height):
        self.__height = height

    def set_weight(self, height):
        self.__height = height

    def set_sound(self, sound):
        self.__sound = sound

    def get_name(self):
        return self.__name

    def get_height(self):
        return str(self.__height)

    def get_weight(self):
        return str(self.__weight)

    def get_sound(self):
        return self.__sound

    def get_type(self):
        print("Animal")

    def toString(self):
        return "{} is {} cm tall and {} kilograms and says {}".format(self.__name, self.__height, self.__weight, self.__sound)

# How to create a Animal object
cat = Animal('Whiskers', 33, 10, 'Meow')

print(cat.toString())

# You can't access this value directly because it is private
#print(cat.__name)

# INHERITANCE -------------
# You can inherit all of the variables and methods from another class

class Dog(Animal):
    __owner = None

    def __init__(self, name, height, weight, sound, owner):
        self.__owner = owner
        self.__animal_type = None

        # How to call the super class constructor
        super(Dog, self).__init__(name, height, weight, sound)

    def set_owner(self, owner):
        self.__owner = owner

    def get_owner(self):
        return self.__owner

    def get_type(self):
        print ("Dog")

    # We can overwrite functions in the super class
    def toString(self):
        return "{} is {} cm tall and {} kilograms and says {}. His owner is {}".format(self.get_name(), self.get_height(), self.get_weight(), self.get_sound(), self.__owner)

    # You don't have to require attributes to be sent
    # This allows for method overloading
    def multiple_sounds(self, how_many=None):
        if how_many is None:
            print(self.get_sound)
        else:
            print(self.get_sound() * how_many)

spot = Dog("Spot", 53, 27, "Ruff", "Derek")

print(spot.toString())

# Polymorphism allows use to refer to objects as their super class
# and the correct functions are called automatically

class AnimalTesting:
    def get_type(self, animal):
        animal.get_type()

test_animals = AnimalTesting()

test_animals.get_type(cat)
test_animals.get_type(spot)

spot.multiple_sounds(4)</textarea></div>
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data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-56">56</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-57">57</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-58">58</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-59">59</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-60">60</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-61">61</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-62">62</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-63">63</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-64">64</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-65">65</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-66">66</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-67">67</div><div 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data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-156">156</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-157">157</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-158">158</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-159">159</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-160">160</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-161">161</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-162">162</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-163">163</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-164">164</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-165">165</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-166">166</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-167">167</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-168">168</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-169">169</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-170">170</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-171">171</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-172">172</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-173">173</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-174">174</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-175">175</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-176">176</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-177">177</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-178">178</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-179">179</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-180">180</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-181">181</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-182">182</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-183">183</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-184">184</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-185">185</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-186">186</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-187">187</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-188">188</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-189">189</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-190">190</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-191">191</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-192">192</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-193">193</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-194">194</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-195">195</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-196">196</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-197">197</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-198">198</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-199">199</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-200">200</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-201">201</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-202">202</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-203">203</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-204">204</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-205">205</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-206">206</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-207">207</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-208">208</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-209">209</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-210">210</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-211">211</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-212">212</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-213">213</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-214">214</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-215">215</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-216">216</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-217">217</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-218">218</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-219">219</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-220">220</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-221">221</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-222">222</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-223">223</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-224">224</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-225">225</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-226">226</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-227">227</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-228">228</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-229">229</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-230">230</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-231">231</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-232">232</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-233">233</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-234">234</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-235">235</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-236">236</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-237">237</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-238">238</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-239">239</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-240">240</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-241">241</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-242">242</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-243">243</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-244">244</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-245">245</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-246">246</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-247">247</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-248">248</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-249">249</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-250">250</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-251">251</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-252">252</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-253">253</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-254">254</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-255">255</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-256">256</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-257">257</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-258">258</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-259">259</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-260">260</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-261">261</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-262">262</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-263">263</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-264">264</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-265">265</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-266">266</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-267">267</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-268">268</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-269">269</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-270">270</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-271">271</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-272">272</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-273">273</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-274">274</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-275">275</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-276">276</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-277">277</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-278">278</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-279">279</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-280">280</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-281">281</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-282">282</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-283">283</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-284">284</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-285">285</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-286">286</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-287">287</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-288">288</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-289">289</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-290">290</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-291">291</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-292">292</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-293">293</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-294">294</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-295">295</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-296">296</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-297">297</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-298">298</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-299">299</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-300">300</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-301">301</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-302">302</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-303">303</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-304">304</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-305">305</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-306">306</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-307">307</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-308">308</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-309">309</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-310">310</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-311">311</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-312">312</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-313">313</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-314">314</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-315">315</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-316">316</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-317">317</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-318">318</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-319">319</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-320">320</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-321">321</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-322">322</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-323">323</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-324">324</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-325">325</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-326">326</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-327">327</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-328">328</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-329">329</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-330">330</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-331">331</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-332">332</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-333">333</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-334">334</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-335">335</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-336">336</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-337">337</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-338">338</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-339">339</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-340">340</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-341">341</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-342">342</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-343">343</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-344">344</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-345">345</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-346">346</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-347">347</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-348">348</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-349">349</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-350">350</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-351">351</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-352">352</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-353">353</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-354">354</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-355">355</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-356">356</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-357">357</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-358">358</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-359">359</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-360">360</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-361">361</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-362">362</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-363">363</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-364">364</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-365">365</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-366">366</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-367">367</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-368">368</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-369">369</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-370">370</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-371">371</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-372">372</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-373">373</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-374">374</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-375">375</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-376">376</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-377">377</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-378">378</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-379">379</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-380">380</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-381">381</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-382">382</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-383">383</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-384">384</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-385">385</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-386">386</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-387">387</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-388">388</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-389">389</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-390">390</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-391">391</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-392">392</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-393">393</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-394">394</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-395">395</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-396">396</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-397">397</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-398">398</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-399">399</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-400">400</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-401">401</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-402">402</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-403">403</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-404">404</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-405">405</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-406">406</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-407">407</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-408">408</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-409">409</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-410">410</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-411">411</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-412">412</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-413">413</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-414">414</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-415">415</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-416">416</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-417">417</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-418">418</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-419">419</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-420">420</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-421">421</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-422">422</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-423">423</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-424">424</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-425">425</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-426">426</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-427">427</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-428">428</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-429">429</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-430">430</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-431">431</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-432">432</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-433">433</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-434">434</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-435">435</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-436">436</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-437">437</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-438">438</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-439">439</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-440">440</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-441">441</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-442">442</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-443">443</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-444">444</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-445">445</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-446">446</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-447">447</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-448">448</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-449">449</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-450">450</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-451">451</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-452">452</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-453">453</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-454">454</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-455">455</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-456">456</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-457">457</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-458">458</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-459">459</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-460">460</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-461">461</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-462">462</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-463">463</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-464">464</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-465">465</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-466">466</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-467">467</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-468">468</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-469">469</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-470">470</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-471">471</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 12px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-1"><span class="crayon-c"># import is used to make specialty functions available</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-2"><span class="crayon-c"># These are called modules</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-3"><span class="crayon-r">import</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">random</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-4"><span class="crayon-r">import</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">sys</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-5"><span class="crayon-r">import</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">os</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-6"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-7"><span class="crayon-c"># Hello world is just one line of code</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-8"><span class="crayon-c"># print() outputs data to the screen</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-9"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Hello World"</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-10"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-11"><span class="crayon-s">'''</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-12"><span class="crayon-s">This is a multi-line comment</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-13"><span class="crayon-s">'''</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-14"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-15"><span class="crayon-c"># A variable is a place to store values</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-16"><span class="crayon-c"># Its name is like a label for that value</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-17"><span class="crayon-v">name</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">"Derek"</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-18"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">name</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-19"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-20"><span class="crayon-c"># A variable name can contain letters, numbers, or _</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-21"><span class="crayon-c"># but can't start with a number</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-22"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-23"><span class="crayon-c"># There are 5 data types Numbers, Strings, List, Tuple, Dictionary</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-24"><span class="crayon-c"># You can store any of them in the same variable</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-25"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-26"><span class="crayon-v">name</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">15</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-27"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">name</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-28"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-29"><span class="crayon-c"># The arithmetic operators +, -, *, /, %, **, //</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-30"><span class="crayon-c"># ** Exponential calculation</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-31"><span class="crayon-c"># // Floor Division</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-32"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"5 + 2 ="</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-33"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"5 - 2 ="</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span><span class="crayon-o">-</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-34"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"5 * 2 ="</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-35"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"5 / 2 ="</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span><span class="crayon-o">/</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-36"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"5 % 2 ="</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span><span class="crayon-o">%</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-37"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"5 ** 2 ="</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-38"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"5 // 2 ="</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span><span class="crayon-o">/</span><span class="crayon-o">/</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-39"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-40"><span class="crayon-c"># Order of Operation states * and / is performed before + and -</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-41"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-42"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"1 + 2 - 3 * 2 ="</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">-</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-43"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"(1 + 2 - 3) * 2 ="</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">-</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-44"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-45"><span class="crayon-c"># A string is a string of characters surrounded by " or '</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-46"><span class="crayon-c"># If you must use a " or ' between the same quote escape it with \</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-47"><span class="crayon-v">quote</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">"\"Always remember your unique,"</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-48"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-49"><span class="crayon-c"># A multi-line quote</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-50"><span class="crayon-v">multi_line_quote</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">''' just</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-51"><span class="crayon-s">like everyone else" '''</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-52"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-53"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">quote</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">multi_line_quote</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-54"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-55"><span class="crayon-c"># To embed a string in output use %s</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-56"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"%s %s %s"</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">%</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'I like the quote'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">quote</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">multi_line_quote</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-57"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-58"><span class="crayon-c"># To keep from printing newlines use end=""</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-59"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"I don't like "</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-v">end</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-s">""</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-60"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"newlines"</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-61"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-62"><span class="crayon-c"># You can print a string multiple times with *</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-63"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'\n'</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-64"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-65"><span class="crayon-c"># LISTS -------------</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-66"><span class="crayon-c"># A list allows you to create a list of values and manipulate them</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-67"><span class="crayon-c"># Each value has an index with the first one starting at 0</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-68"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-69"><span class="crayon-v">grocery_list</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-s">'Juice'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Tomatoes'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Potatoes'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Bananas'</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-70"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'The first item is'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">grocery_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-71"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-72"><span class="crayon-c"># You can change the value stored in a list box</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-73"><span class="crayon-v">grocery_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">"Green Juice"</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-74"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">grocery_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-75"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-76"><span class="crayon-c"># You can get a subset of the list with [min:up to but not including max]</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-77"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-78"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">grocery_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-79"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-80"><span class="crayon-c"># You can put any data type in a a list including a list</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-81"><span class="crayon-v">other_events</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-s">'Wash Car'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Pick up Kids'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Cash Check'</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-82"><span class="crayon-v">to_do_list</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-v">other_events</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">grocery_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-83"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-84"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">to_do_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-85"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-86"><span class="crayon-c"># Get the second item in the second list (Boxes inside of boxes)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-87"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">to_do_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-88"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-89"><span class="crayon-c"># You add values using append</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-90"><span class="crayon-v">grocery_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">append</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'onions'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-91"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">to_do_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-92"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-93"><span class="crayon-c"># Insert item at given index</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-94"><span class="crayon-v">grocery_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">insert</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">"Pickle"</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-95"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-96"><span class="crayon-c"># Remove item from list</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-97"><span class="crayon-v">grocery_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">remove</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Pickle"</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-98"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-99"><span class="crayon-c"># Sorts items in list</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-100"><span class="crayon-v">grocery_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">sort</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-101"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-102"><span class="crayon-c"># Reverse sort items in list</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-103"><span class="crayon-v">grocery_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">reverse</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-104"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-105"><span class="crayon-c"># del deletes an item at specified index</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-106"><span class="crayon-r">del</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">grocery_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">4</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-107"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">to_do_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-108"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-109"><span class="crayon-c"># We can combine lists with a +</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-110"><span class="crayon-v">to_do_list</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">other_events</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">grocery_list</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-111"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">to_do_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-112"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-113"><span class="crayon-c"># Get length of list</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-114"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-k ">len</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">to_do_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-115"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-116"><span class="crayon-c"># Get the max item in list</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-117"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-k ">max</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">to_do_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-118"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-119"><span class="crayon-c"># Get the minimum item in list</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-120"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-k ">min</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">to_do_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-121"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-122"><span class="crayon-c"># TUPLES -------------</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-123"><span class="crayon-c"># Values in a tuple can't change like lists</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-124"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-125"><span class="crayon-v">pi_tuple</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">4</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">9</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-126"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-127"><span class="crayon-c"># Convert tuple into a list</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-128"><span class="crayon-v">new_tuple</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">list</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">pi_tuple</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-129"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-130"><span class="crayon-c"># Convert a list into a tuple</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-131"><span class="crayon-c"># new_list = tuple(grocery_list)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-132"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-133"><span class="crayon-c"># tuples also have len(tuple), min(tuple) and max(tuple)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-134"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-135"><span class="crayon-c"># DICTIONARY or MAP -------------</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-136"><span class="crayon-c"># Made up of values with a unique key for each value</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-137"><span class="crayon-c"># Similar to lists, but you can't join dicts with a +</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-138"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-139"><span class="crayon-v">super_villains</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">{</span><span class="crayon-s">'Fiddler'</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Isaac Bowin'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-140"><span class="crayon-h">                  </span><span class="crayon-s">'Captain Cold'</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Leonard Snart'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-141"><span class="crayon-h">                  </span><span class="crayon-s">'Weather Wizard'</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Mark Mardon'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-142"><span class="crayon-h">                  </span><span class="crayon-s">'Mirror Master'</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Sam Scudder'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-143"><span class="crayon-h">                  </span><span class="crayon-s">'Pied Piper'</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Thomas Peterson'</span><span class="crayon-sy">}</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-144"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-145"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">super_villains</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-s">'Captain Cold'</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-146"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-147"><span class="crayon-c"># Delete an entry</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-148"><span class="crayon-r">del</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">super_villains</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-s">'Fiddler'</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-149"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">super_villains</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-150"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-151"><span class="crayon-c"># Replace a value</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-152"><span class="crayon-v">super_villains</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-s">'Pied Piper'</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Hartley Rathaway'</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-153"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-154"><span class="crayon-c"># Print the number of items in the dictionary</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-155"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-k ">len</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">super_villains</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-156"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-157"><span class="crayon-c"># Get the value for the passed key</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-158"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">super_villains</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">get</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Pied Piper"</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-159"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-160"><span class="crayon-c"># Get a list of dictionary keys</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-161"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">super_villains</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">keys</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-162"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-163"><span class="crayon-c"># Get a list of dictionary values</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-164"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">super_villains</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">values</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-165"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-166"><span class="crayon-c"># CONDITIONALS -------------</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-167"><span class="crayon-c"># The if, else and elif statements are used to perform different</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-168"><span class="crayon-c"># actions based off of conditions</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-169"><span class="crayon-c"># Comparison Operators : ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-170"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-171"><span class="crayon-c"># The if statement will execute code if a condition is met</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-172"><span class="crayon-c"># White space is used to group blocks of code in Python</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-173"><span class="crayon-c"># Use the same number of proceeding spaces for blocks of code</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-174"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-175"><span class="crayon-v">age</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">30</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-176"><span class="crayon-st">if</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">age</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">></span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">16</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-177"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'You are old enough to drive'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-178"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-179"><span class="crayon-c"># Use an if statement if you want to execute different code regardless</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-180"><span class="crayon-c"># of whether the condition ws met or not</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-181"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-182"><span class="crayon-st">if</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">age</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">></span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">16</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-183"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'You are old enough to drive'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-184"><span class="crayon-st">else</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-185"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'You are not old enough to drive'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-186"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-187"><span class="crayon-c"># If you want to check for multiple conditions use elif</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-188"><span class="crayon-c"># If the first matches it won't check other conditions that follow</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-189"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-190"><span class="crayon-st">if</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">age</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">>=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">21</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-191"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'You are old enough to drive a tractor trailer'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-192"><span class="crayon-st">elif</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">age</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">>=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">16</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-193"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'You are old enough to drive a car'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-194"><span class="crayon-st">else</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-195"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'You are not old enough to drive'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-196"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-197"><span class="crayon-c"># You can combine conditions with logical operators</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-198"><span class="crayon-c"># Logical Operators : and, or, not</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-199"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-200"><span class="crayon-st">if</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">age</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">>=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">and</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">age</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o"><=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">18</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-201"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"You get a birthday party"</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-202"><span class="crayon-st">elif</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">age</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">==</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">21</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">or</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">age</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">>=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">65</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-203"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"You get a birthday party"</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-204"><span class="crayon-st">elif</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">not</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">age</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">==</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">30</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-205"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"You don't get a birthday party"</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-206"><span class="crayon-st">else</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-207"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"You get a birthday party yeah"</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-208"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-209"><span class="crayon-c"># FOR LOOPS -------------</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-210"><span class="crayon-c"># Allows you to perform an action a set number of times</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-211"><span class="crayon-c"># Range performs the action 10 times 0 - 9</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-212"><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">x</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">range</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">10</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-213"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-i">x</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">' '</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">end</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-s">""</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-214"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-215"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'\n'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-216"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-217"><span class="crayon-c"># You can use for loops to cycle through a list</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-218"><span class="crayon-v">grocery_list</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-s">'Juice'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Tomatoes'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Potatoes'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Bananas'</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-219"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-220"><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">y</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">grocery_list</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-221"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">y</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-222"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-223"><span class="crayon-c"># You can also define a list of numbers to cycle through</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-224"><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">x</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">4</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">6</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">8</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">10</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-225"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-226"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-227"><span class="crayon-c"># You can double up for loops to cycle through lists</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-228"><span class="crayon-v">num_list</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">10</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">20</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">30</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">100</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">200</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">300</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-sy">;</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-229"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-230"><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">x</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">range</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-231"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">y</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">range</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-232"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">num_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-v">y</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-233"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-234"><span class="crayon-c"># WHILE LOOPS -------------</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-235"><span class="crayon-c"># While loops are used when you don't know ahead of time how many</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-236"><span class="crayon-c"># times you'll have to loop</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-237"><span class="crayon-v">random_num</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">random</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">randrange</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">100</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-238"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-239"><span class="crayon-st">while</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">random_num</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">!=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">15</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-240"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">random_num</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-241"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-v">random_num</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">random</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">randrange</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-cn">100</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-242"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-243"><span class="crayon-c"># An iterator for a while loop is defined before the loop</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-244"><span class="crayon-v">i</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span><span class="crayon-sy">;</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-245"><span class="crayon-st">while</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">i</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o"><=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">20</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-246"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-st">if</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">i</span><span class="crayon-o">%</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">==</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-247"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">i</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-248"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-st">elif</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">i</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">==</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">9</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-249"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-c"># Forces the loop to end all together</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-250"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-st">break</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-251"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-st">else</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-252"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-c"># Shorthand for i = i + 1</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-253"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-v">i</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-254"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-c"># Skips to the next iteration of the loop</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-255"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-st">continue</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-256"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-257"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-v">i</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-258"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-259"><span class="crayon-c"># FUNCTIONS -------------</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-260"><span class="crayon-c"># Functions allow you to reuse and write readable code</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-261"><span class="crayon-c"># Type def (define), function name and parameters it receives</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-262"><span class="crayon-c"># return is used to return something to the caller of the function</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-263"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">addNumbers</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">fNum</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">sNum</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-264"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-v">sumNum</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">fNum</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">sNum</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-265"><span class="crayon-e">    </span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">sumNum</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-266"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-267"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-e">addNumbers</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">4</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-268"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-269"><span class="crayon-c"># Can't get the value of rNum because it was created in a function</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-270"><span class="crayon-c"># It is said to be out of scope</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-271"><span class="crayon-c"># print(sumNum)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-272"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-273"><span class="crayon-c"># If you define a variable outside of the function it works every place</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-274"><span class="crayon-v">newNum</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span><span class="crayon-sy">;</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-275"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">subNumbers</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">fNum</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">sNum</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-276"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-v">newNum</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">fNum</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">-</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">sNum</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-277"><span class="crayon-e">    </span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">newNum</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-278"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-279"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-e">subNumbers</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">4</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-280"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-281"><span class="crayon-c"># USER INPUT -------------</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-282"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'What is your name?'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-283"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-284"><span class="crayon-c"># Stores everything typed up until ENTER</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-285"><span class="crayon-v">name</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">sys</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">stdin</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-k ">readline</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-286"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-287"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'Hello'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">name</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-288"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-289"><span class="crayon-c"># STRINGS -------------</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-290"><span class="crayon-c"># A string is a series of characters surrounded by ' or "</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-291"><span class="crayon-v">long_string</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">"I'll catch you if you fall - The Floor"</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-292"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-293"><span class="crayon-c"># Retrieve the first 4 characters</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-294"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">long_string</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-cn">4</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-295"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-296"><span class="crayon-c"># Get the last 5 characters</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-297"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">long_string</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-o">-</span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-298"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-299"><span class="crayon-c"># Everything up to the last 5 characters</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-300"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">long_string</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-o">-</span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-301"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-302"><span class="crayon-c"># Concatenate part of a string to another</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-303"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">long_string</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-cn">4</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">" be there"</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-304"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-305"><span class="crayon-c"># String formatting</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-306"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"%c is my %s letter and my number %d number is %.5f"</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">%</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'X'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'favorite'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-cn">14</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-307"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-308"><span class="crayon-c"># Capitalizes the first letter</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-309"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">long_string</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">capitalize</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-310"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-311"><span class="crayon-c"># Returns the index of the start of the string</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-312"><span class="crayon-c"># case sensitive</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-313"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">long_string</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">find</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Floor"</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-314"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-315"><span class="crayon-c"># Returns true if all characters are letters ' isn't a letter</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-316"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">long_string</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">isalpha</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-317"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-318"><span class="crayon-c"># Returns true if all characters are numbers</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-319"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">long_string</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">isalnum</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-320"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-321"><span class="crayon-c"># Returns the string length</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-322"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-k ">len</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">long_string</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-323"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-324"><span class="crayon-c"># Replace the first word with the second (Add a number to replace more)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-325"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">long_string</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">replace</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Floor"</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">"Ground"</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-326"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-327"><span class="crayon-c"># Remove white space from front and end</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-328"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">long_string</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">strip</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-329"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-330"><span class="crayon-c"># Split a string into a list based on the delimiter you provide</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-331"><span class="crayon-v">quote_list</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">long_string</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">split</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">" "</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-332"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">quote_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-333"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-334"><span class="crayon-c"># FILE I/O -------------</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-335"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-336"><span class="crayon-c"># Overwrite or create a file for writing</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-337"><span class="crayon-v">test_file</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">open</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"test.txt"</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">"wb"</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-338"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-339"><span class="crayon-c"># Get the file mode used</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-340"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">test_file</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">mode</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-341"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-342"><span class="crayon-c"># Get the files name</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-343"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">test_file</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">name</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-344"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-345"><span class="crayon-c"># Write text to a file with a newline</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-346"><span class="crayon-v">test_file</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">write</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-e">bytes</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Write me to the file\n"</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'UTF-8'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-347"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-348"><span class="crayon-c"># Close the file</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-349"><span class="crayon-v">test_file</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">close</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-350"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-351"><span class="crayon-c"># Opens a file for reading and writing</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-352"><span class="crayon-v">test_file</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">open</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"test.txt"</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">"r+"</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-353"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-354"><span class="crayon-c"># Read text from the file</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-355"><span class="crayon-v">text_in_file</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">test_file</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">read</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-356"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-357"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">text_in_file</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-358"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-359"><span class="crayon-c"># Delete the file</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-360"><span class="crayon-k ">os</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">remove</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"test.txt"</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-361"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-362"><span class="crayon-c"># CLASSES AND OBJECTS -------------</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-363"><span class="crayon-c"># The concept of OOP allows us to model real world things using code</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-364"><span class="crayon-c"># Every object has attributes (color, height, weight) which are object variables</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-365"><span class="crayon-c"># Every object has abilities (walk, talk, eat) which are object functions</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-366"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-367"><span class="crayon-t">class</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">Animal</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-368"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-c"># None signifies the lack of a value</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-369"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-c"># You can make a variable private by starting it with __</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-370"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-v">__name</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">None</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-371"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-v">__height</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">None</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-372"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-v">__weight</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">None</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-373"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-v">__sound</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">None</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-374"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-375"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-c"># The constructor is called to set up or initialize an object</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-376"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-c"># self allows an object to refer to itself inside of the class</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-377"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">__init__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">name</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">height</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">weight</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">sound</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-378"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__name</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">name</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-379"><span class="crayon-e">        </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__height</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">height</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-380"><span class="crayon-e">        </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__weight</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">weight</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-381"><span class="crayon-e">        </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__sound</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">sound</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-382"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-383"><span class="crayon-e">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">set_name</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">name</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-384"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__name</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">name</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-385"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-386"><span class="crayon-e">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">set_height</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">height</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-387"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__height</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">height</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-388"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-389"><span class="crayon-e">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">set_weight</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">height</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-390"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__height</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">height</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-391"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-392"><span class="crayon-e">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">set_sound</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">sound</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-393"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__sound</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">sound</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-394"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-395"><span class="crayon-e">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">get_name</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-396"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">__name</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-397"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-398"><span class="crayon-e">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">get_height</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-399"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">str</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__height</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-400"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-401"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">get_weight</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-402"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">str</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__weight</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-403"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-404"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">get_sound</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-405"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">__sound</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-406"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-407"><span class="crayon-e">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">get_type</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-408"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Animal"</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-409"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-410"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">toString</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-411"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">"{} is {} cm tall and {} kilograms and says {}"</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-k ">format</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__name</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__height</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__weight</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__sound</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-412"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-413"><span class="crayon-c"># How to create a Animal object</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-414"><span class="crayon-v">cat</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">Animal</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'Whiskers'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">33</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">10</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Meow'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-415"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-416"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">cat</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">toString</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-417"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-418"><span class="crayon-c"># You can't access this value directly because it is private</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-419"><span class="crayon-c">#print(cat.__name)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-420"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-421"><span class="crayon-c"># INHERITANCE -------------</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-422"><span class="crayon-c"># You can inherit all of the variables and methods from another class</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-423"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-424"><span class="crayon-t">class</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">Dog</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">Animal</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-425"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-v">__owner</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">None</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-426"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-427"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">__init__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">name</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">height</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">weight</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">sound</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">owner</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-428"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__owner</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">owner</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-429"><span class="crayon-e">        </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__animal_type</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">None</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-430"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-431"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-c"># How to call the super class constructor</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-432"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-k ">super</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">Dog</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">__init__</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">name</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">height</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">weight</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">sound</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-433"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-434"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">set_owner</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">owner</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-435"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__owner</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">owner</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-436"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-437"><span class="crayon-e">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">get_owner</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-438"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">__owner</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-439"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-440"><span class="crayon-e">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">get_type</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-441"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Dog"</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-442"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-443"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-c"># We can overwrite functions in the super class</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-444"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">toString</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-445"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">"{} is {} cm tall and {} kilograms and says {}. His owner is {}"</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-k ">format</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">get_name</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">get_height</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">get_weight</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">get_sound</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__owner</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-446"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-447"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-c"># You don't have to require attributes to be sent</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-448"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-c"># This allows for method overloading</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-449"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">multiple_sounds</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">how_many</span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-t">None</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-450"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-st">if</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">how_many </span><span class="crayon-st">is</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">None</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-451"><span class="crayon-h">            </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">get_sound</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-452"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-st">else</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-453"><span class="crayon-h">            </span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">get_sound</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">how_many</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-454"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-455"><span class="crayon-v">spot</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">Dog</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Spot"</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">53</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">27</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">"Ruff"</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">"Derek"</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-456"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-457"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">spot</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">toString</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-458"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-459"><span class="crayon-c"># Polymorphism allows use to refer to objects as their super class</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-460"><span class="crayon-c"># and the correct functions are called automatically</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-461"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-462"><span class="crayon-t">class</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">AnimalTesting</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-463"><span class="crayon-h">    </span><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">get_type</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">self</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">animal</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-464"><span class="crayon-h">        </span><span class="crayon-v">animal</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">get_type</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-465"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-466"><span class="crayon-v">test_animals</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">AnimalTesting</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-467"> </div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-468"><span class="crayon-v">test_animals</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">get_type</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">cat</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-469"><span class="crayon-v">test_animals</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">get_type</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">spot</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-470"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-471"><span class="crayon-v">spot</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">multiple_sounds</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">4</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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	<h3 id="comments">8 Responses to “Python Programming”</h3>
		
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					<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1 parent" id="comment-59238">
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			<img alt='' src='http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/a8a32adb40b32e06fb4aeee6081834ec?s=60&d=mm&r=g' srcset='http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/a8a32adb40b32e06fb4aeee6081834ec?s=120&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-60 photo' height='60' width='60' />			<cite class="fn">tee</cite> <span class="says">says:</span>		</div>
		
		<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata"><a href="http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/11/python-programming/#comment-59238">
			January 4, 2015 at 8:47 am</a>		</div>

		<p>i love the info. well put. just starting to learn python. again tks alot</p>

		<div class="reply"><a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/11/python-programming/?replytocom=59238#respond' onclick='return addComment.moveForm( "div-comment-59238", "59238", "respond", "9118" )' aria-label='Reply to tee'>Reply</a></div>
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			<img alt='' src='http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/674acf5b2ac00d1f1fc0f3dd40f74091?s=60&d=mm&r=g' srcset='http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/674acf5b2ac00d1f1fc0f3dd40f74091?s=120&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-60 photo' height='60' width='60' />			<cite class="fn"><a href="http://www.newthinktank.com"   rel='external nofollow' class='url'>Derek Banas</a></cite> <span class="says">says:</span>		</div>
		
		<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata"><a href="http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/11/python-programming/#comment-59444">
			January 5, 2015 at 1:36 pm</a>		</div>

		<p>Thank you 🙂 You are very welcome</p>

		<div class="reply"><a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/11/python-programming/?replytocom=59444#respond' onclick='return addComment.moveForm( "div-comment-59444", "59444", "respond", "9118" )' aria-label='Reply to Derek Banas'>Reply</a></div>
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		<li class="comment even thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-61384">
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			<img alt='' src='http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/066a2b4cc57f000cd0338af623a9cd88?s=60&d=mm&r=g' srcset='http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/066a2b4cc57f000cd0338af623a9cd88?s=120&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-60 photo' height='60' width='60' />			<cite class="fn">Michael</cite> <span class="says">says:</span>		</div>
		
		<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata"><a href="http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/11/python-programming/#comment-61384">
			January 18, 2015 at 1:45 pm</a>		</div>

		<p>Derek,</p>
<p>   Where is the source code location for these tutorials?  I think I saw a link in one of the videos, but now I can’t seem to locate them.</p>
<p>   Thanks,</p>
<p>Michael</p>

		<div class="reply"><a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/11/python-programming/?replytocom=61384#respond' onclick='return addComment.moveForm( "div-comment-61384", "61384", "respond", "9118" )' aria-label='Reply to Michael'>Reply</a></div>
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		<li class="comment odd alt thread-even depth-1 parent" id="comment-61395">
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			<img alt='' src='http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/066a2b4cc57f000cd0338af623a9cd88?s=60&d=mm&r=g' srcset='http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/066a2b4cc57f000cd0338af623a9cd88?s=120&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-60 photo' height='60' width='60' />			<cite class="fn">Michael</cite> <span class="says">says:</span>		</div>
		
		<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata"><a href="http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/11/python-programming/#comment-61395">
			January 18, 2015 at 5:09 pm</a>		</div>

		<p>Derek,</p>
<p>   Nevermind, I eventually found it.  I had a bug running video #8, OOP, and found when I clicked “more” on youtube, a note for the source code was listed.</p>
<p>   Thanks,</p>
<p>Michael</p>

		<div class="reply"><a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/11/python-programming/?replytocom=61395#respond' onclick='return addComment.moveForm( "div-comment-61395", "61395", "respond", "9118" )' aria-label='Reply to Michael'>Reply</a></div>
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			<img alt='' src='http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/674acf5b2ac00d1f1fc0f3dd40f74091?s=60&d=mm&r=g' srcset='http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/674acf5b2ac00d1f1fc0f3dd40f74091?s=120&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-60 photo' height='60' width='60' />			<cite class="fn"><a href="http://www.newthinktank.com"   rel='external nofollow' class='url'>Derek Banas</a></cite> <span class="says">says:</span>		</div>
		
		<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata"><a href="http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/11/python-programming/#comment-62203">
			January 24, 2015 at 6:14 am</a>		</div>

		<p>I’m glad you found it. Sorry I couldn’t help sooner.</p>

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			<img alt='' src='http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/fa6d1c4bfacfc46f6b67e70048303ae4?s=60&d=mm&r=g' srcset='http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/fa6d1c4bfacfc46f6b67e70048303ae4?s=120&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-60 photo' height='60' width='60' />			<cite class="fn"><a href="http://aircaraccess.com" onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','outbound-commentauthor','http://aircaraccess.com']);"  rel='external nofollow' class='url'>Scott</a></cite> <span class="says">says:</span>		</div>
		
		<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata"><a href="http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/11/python-programming/#comment-63456">
			February 3, 2015 at 2:13 am</a>		</div>

		<p>Jeepers you are awesome. I hope you will make a video on how to manipulate postgreSQL databases with Python. I might use Django when I get some Python learned. I think pg is more intuitive to code, can’t stand to look at mysql commands. I want to make a database driven website, already know html, css, and some postgres and javascript.</p>

		<div class="reply"><a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/11/python-programming/?replytocom=63456#respond' onclick='return addComment.moveForm( "div-comment-63456", "63456", "respond", "9118" )' aria-label='Reply to Scott'>Reply</a></div>
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			<img alt='' src='http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/674acf5b2ac00d1f1fc0f3dd40f74091?s=60&d=mm&r=g' srcset='http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/674acf5b2ac00d1f1fc0f3dd40f74091?s=120&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-60 photo' height='60' width='60' />			<cite class="fn"><a href="http://www.newthinktank.com"   rel='external nofollow' class='url'>Derek Banas</a></cite> <span class="says">says:</span>		</div>
		
		<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata"><a href="http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/11/python-programming/#comment-63485">
			February 3, 2015 at 6:56 am</a>		</div>

		<p>Thank you 🙂 I’ll see what I can do. I’m going to cover NodeJS very soon and explore all that you can do with it.</p>

		<div class="reply"><a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/11/python-programming/?replytocom=63485#respond' onclick='return addComment.moveForm( "div-comment-63485", "63485", "respond", "9118" )' aria-label='Reply to Derek Banas'>Reply</a></div>
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			<img alt='' src='http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/d5a01fc6cdf8e1bffedf927a836381bb?s=60&d=mm&r=g' srcset='http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/d5a01fc6cdf8e1bffedf927a836381bb?s=120&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-60 photo' height='60' width='60' />			<cite class="fn">Ajay Kumar</cite> <span class="says">says:</span>		</div>
		
		<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata"><a href="http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/11/python-programming/#comment-405099">
			June 6, 2019 at 1:01 am</a>		</div>

		<p>Thanks a lot derek.</p>

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</div>

Python Programming</a></h1>

Posted by <a href="http://www.newthinktank.com/author/admin/" title="Posts by Derek Banas" rel="author">Derek Banas</a> on Nov 10, 2014 in <a href="http://www.newthinktank.com/category/web-design/python-how-to/" rel="category tag">Python How To</a> | <a href="http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/11/python-programming/#comments">8 comments</a>

</div>

<p><a href="http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/11/python-programming/python-programming/" rel="attachment wp-att-9119"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-9119" alt="Python Programming" src="http://www.newthinktank.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Python-Programming.png" width="150" height="150" /></a>I have received a ton of requests to make a Python programming tutorial in which I teach pretty much everything in one video.</p>

<p>I’ll cover modules, comments, print, arithmetic operators, order of operation, lists, tuples, dictionaries, conditional operators, logical operators, if, else, elif, loops, for, while, break, continue, functions, return, readline(), string operators, file i/o, classes, objects and much more.<span id="more-9118"></span></p>

<p>If you like videos like this, it helps others find it when you share on Google Plus with a click here [googleplusone]</p>

<p><strong>Other Videos you may Like</strong></p>

<p><a title="Learn Java in One Video" href="http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/06/java-programming/" >Learn Java in one Video</a><br />

<a title="Learn JavaScript in One Video" href="http://www.newthinktank.com/videos/web-programming/javascript/" >Learn JavaScript in one Video</a><br />

<a title="Learn PHP in One Video" href="http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/08/php-programming/" >Learn PHP in one Video</a><br />

<a title="Learn MySQL in One Video" href="http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/08/mysql-video-tutorial/" >Learn MySQL in one Video</a><br />

<a title="Object Oriented PHP Video Tutorial" href="http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/08/object-oriented-php/" >Learn Object Oriented PHP in one Video</a><br />

<a title="Learn PHP MySQL in One Video" href="http://www.newthinktank.com/2014/09/php-mysql-tutorial/" >Learn PHP & MySQL in One Video</a><br />

<a title="Learn HTML in One Video" href="http://www.newthinktank.com/videos/web-programming/html-xhtml/" >Learn HTML in One Video</a><br />

<a title="Learn CSS in One Video" href="http://www.newthinktank.com/videos/web-programming/css/" >Learn CSS in One Video</a></p>

<p><strong>Cheat Sheet</strong></p>

<div class="crayon-toolbar" data-settings=" mouseover overlay hide delay" style="font-size: 12px !important;height: 18px !important; line-height: 18px !important;"><span class="crayon-title">hellopython.py</span>

<div class="crayon-tools" style="font-size: 12px !important;height: 18px !important; line-height: 18px !important;"><div class="crayon-button crayon-nums-button" title="Toggle Line Numbers"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-plain-button" title="Toggle Plain Code"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-wrap-button" title="Toggle Line Wrap"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-expand-button" title="Expand Code"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-copy-button" title="Copy"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><div class="crayon-button crayon-popup-button" title="Open Code In New Window"><div class="crayon-button-icon"></div></div><span class="crayon-language">Python</span></div></div>

# import is used to make specialty functions available

# These are called modules

import random

import sys

import os

# Hello world is just one line of code

# print() outputs data to the screen

print("Hello World")

'''

This is a multi-line comment

'''

# A variable is a place to store values

# Its name is like a label for that value

name = "Derek"

print(name)

# A variable name can contain letters, numbers, or _

# but can't start with a number

# There are 5 data types Numbers, Strings, List, Tuple, Dictionary

# You can store any of them in the same variable

name = 15

print(name)

# The arithmetic operators +, -, *, /, %, **, //

# ** Exponential calculation

# // Floor Division

print("5 + 2 =", 5+2)

print("5 - 2 =", 5-2)

print("5 * 2 =", 5*2)

print("5 / 2 =", 5/2)

print("5 % 2 =", 5%2)

print("5 ** 2 =", 5**2)

print("5 // 2 =", 5//2)

# Order of Operation states * and / is performed before + and -

print("1 + 2 - 3 * 2 =", 1 + 2 - 3 * 2)

print("(1 + 2 - 3) * 2 =", (1 + 2 - 3) * 2)

# A string is a string of characters surrounded by " or '

# If you must use a " or ' between the same quote escape it with \

quote = "\"Always remember your unique,"

# A multi-line quote

multi_line_quote = ''' just

like everyone else" '''

print(quote + multi_line_quote)

# To embed a string in output use %s

print("%s %s %s" % ('I like the quote', quote, multi_line_quote))

# To keep from printing newlines use end=""

print("I don't like ",end="")

print("newlines")

# You can print a string multiple times with *

print('\n' * 5)

# LISTS -------------

# A list allows you to create a list of values and manipulate them

# Each value has an index with the first one starting at 0

grocery_list = ['Juice', 'Tomatoes', 'Potatoes', 'Bananas']

print('The first item is', grocery_list[1])

# You can change the value stored in a list box

grocery_list[0] = "Green Juice"

print(grocery_list)

# You can get a subset of the list with [min:up to but not including max]

print(grocery_list[1:3])

# You can put any data type in a a list including a list

other_events = ['Wash Car', 'Pick up Kids', 'Cash Check']

to_do_list = [other_events, grocery_list]

print(to_do_list)

# Get the second item in the second list (Boxes inside of boxes)

print(to_do_list[1][1])

# You add values using append

grocery_list.append('onions')

print(to_do_list)

# Insert item at given index

grocery_list.insert(1, "Pickle")

# Remove item from list

grocery_list.remove("Pickle")

# Sorts items in list

grocery_list.sort()

# Reverse sort items in list

grocery_list.reverse()

# del deletes an item at specified index

del grocery_list[4]

print(to_do_list)

# We can combine lists with a +

to_do_list = other_events + grocery_list

print(to_do_list)

# Get length of list

print(len(to_do_list))

# Get the max item in list

print(max(to_do_list))

# Get the minimum item in list

print(min(to_do_list))

# TUPLES -------------

# Values in a tuple can't change like lists

pi_tuple = (3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9)

# Convert tuple into a list

new_tuple = list(pi_tuple)

# Convert a list into a tuple

# new_list = tuple(grocery_list)

# tuples also have len(tuple), min(tuple) and max(tuple)

# DICTIONARY or MAP -------------

# Made up of values with a unique key for each value

# Similar to lists, but you can't join dicts with a +

super_villains = {'Fiddler' : 'Isaac Bowin',

'Captain Cold' : 'Leonard Snart',

'Weather Wizard' : 'Mark Mardon',

'Mirror Master' : 'Sam Scudder',

'Pied Piper' : 'Thomas Peterson'}

print(super_villains['Captain Cold'])

# Delete an entry

del super_villains['Fiddler']

print(super_villains)

# Replace a value

super_villains['Pied Piper'] = 'Hartley Rathaway'

# Print the number of items in the dictionary

print(len(super_villains))

# Get the value for the passed key

print(super_villains.get("Pied Piper"))

# Get a list of dictionary keys

print(super_villains.keys())

# Get a list of dictionary values

print(super_villains.values())

# CONDITIONALS -------------

# The if, else and elif statements are used to perform different

# actions based off of conditions

# Comparison Operators : ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=

# The if statement will execute code if a condition is met

# White space is used to group blocks of code in Python

# Use the same number of proceeding spaces for blocks of code

age = 30

if age > 16 :

print('You are old enough to drive')

# Use an if statement if you want to execute different code regardless

# of whether the condition ws met or not

if age > 16 :

print('You are old enough to drive')

else :

print('You are not old enough to drive')

# If you want to check for multiple conditions use elif

# If the first matches it won't check other conditions that follow

if age >= 21 :

print('You are old enough to drive a tractor trailer')

elif age >= 16:

print('You are old enough to drive a car')

else :

print('You are not old enough to drive')

# You can combine conditions with logical operators

# Logical Operators : and, or, not

if ((age >= 1) and (age <= 18)):

print("You get a birthday party")

elif (age == 21) or (age >= 65):

print("You get a birthday party")

elif not(age == 30):

print("You don't get a birthday party")

else:

print("You get a birthday party yeah")

# FOR LOOPS -------------

# Allows you to perform an action a set number of times

# Range performs the action 10 times 0 - 9

for x in range(0, 10):

print(x , ' ', end="")

print('\n')

# You can use for loops to cycle through a list

grocery_list = ['Juice', 'Tomatoes', 'Potatoes', 'Bananas']

for y in grocery_list:

print(y)

# You can also define a list of numbers to cycle through

for x in [2,4,6,8,10]:

print(x)

# You can double up for loops to cycle through lists

num_list =[[1,2,3],[10,20,30],[100,200,300]];

for x in range(0,3):

for y in range(0,3):

print(num_list[x][y])

# WHILE LOOPS -------------

# While loops are used when you don't know ahead of time how many

# times you'll have to loop

random_num = random.randrange(0,100)

while (random_num != 15):

print(random_num)

random_num = random.randrange(0,100)

# An iterator for a while loop is defined before the loop

i = 0;

while (i <= 20):

if(i%2 == 0):

print(i)

elif(i == 9):

# Forces the loop to end all together

break

else:

# Shorthand for i = i + 1

i += 1

# Skips to the next iteration of the loop

continue

i += 1

# FUNCTIONS -------------

# Functions allow you to reuse and write readable code

# Type def (define), function name and parameters it receives

# return is used to return something to the caller of the function

def addNumbers(fNum, sNum):

sumNum = fNum + sNum

return sumNum

print(addNumbers(1, 4))

# Can't get the value of rNum because it was created in a function

# It is said to be out of scope

# print(sumNum)

# If you define a variable outside of the function it works every place

newNum = 0;

def subNumbers(fNum, sNum):

newNum = fNum - sNum

return newNum

print(subNumbers(1, 4))

# USER INPUT -------------

print('What is your name?')

# Stores everything typed up until ENTER

name = sys.stdin.readline()

print('Hello', name)

# STRINGS -------------

# A string is a series of characters surrounded by ' or "

long_string = "I'll catch you if you fall - The Floor"

# Retrieve the first 4 characters

print(long_string[0:4])

# Get the last 5 characters

print(long_string[-5:])

# Everything up to the last 5 characters

print(long_string[:-5])

# Concatenate part of a string to another

print(long_string[:4] + " be there")

# String formatting

print("%c is my %s letter and my number %d number is %.5f" % ('X', 'favorite', 1, .14))

# Capitalizes the first letter

print(long_string.capitalize())

# Returns the index of the start of the string

# case sensitive

print(long_string.find("Floor"))

# Returns true if all characters are letters ' isn't a letter

print(long_string.isalpha())

# Returns true if all characters are numbers

print(long_string.isalnum())

# Returns the string length

print(len(long_string))

# Replace the first word with the second (Add a number to replace more)

print(long_string.replace("Floor", "Ground"))

# Remove white space from front and end

print(long_string.strip())

# Split a string into a list based on the delimiter you provide

quote_list = long_string.split(" ")

print(quote_list)

# FILE I/O -------------

# Overwrite or create a file for writing

test_file = open("test.txt", "wb")

# Get the file mode used

print(test_file.mode)

# Get the files name

print(test_file.name)

# Write text to a file with a newline

test_file.write(bytes("Write me to the file\n", 'UTF-8'))

# Close the file

test_file.close()

# Opens a file for reading and writing

test_file = open("test.txt", "r+")

# Read text from the file

text_in_file = test_file.read()

print(text_in_file)

# Delete the file

os.remove("test.txt")

# CLASSES AND OBJECTS -------------

# The concept of OOP allows us to model real world things using code

# Every object has attributes (color, height, weight) which are object variables

# Every object has abilities (walk, talk, eat) which are object functions

class Animal:

# None signifies the lack of a value

# You can make a variable private by starting it with __

__name = None

__height = None

__weight = None

__sound = None

# The constructor is called to set up or initialize an object

# self allows an object to refer to itself inside of the class

def __init__(self, name, height, weight, sound):

self.__name = name

self.__height = height

self.__weight = weight

self.__sound = sound

def set_name(self, name):

self.__name = name

def set_height(self, height):

self.__height = height

def set_weight(self, height):

self.__height = height

def set_sound(self, sound):

self.__sound = sound

def get_name(self):

return self.__name

def get_height(self):

return str(self.__height)

def get_weight(self):

return str(self.__weight)

def get_sound(self):

return self.__sound

def get_type(self):

print("Animal")

def toString(self):

return "{} is {} cm tall and {} kilograms and says {}".format(self.__name, self.__height, self.__weight, self.__sound)

# How to create a Animal object

cat = Animal('Whiskers', 33, 10, 'Meow')

print(cat.toString())

# You can't access this value directly because it is private

#print(cat.__name)

# INHERITANCE -------------

# You can inherit all of the variables and methods from another class

class Dog(Animal):

__owner = None

def __init__(self, name, height, weight, sound, owner):

self.__owner = owner

self.__animal_type = None

# How to call the super class constructor

super(Dog, self).__init__(name, height, weight, sound)

def set_owner(self, owner):

self.__owner = owner

def get_owner(self):

return self.__owner

def get_type(self):

print ("Dog")

# We can overwrite functions in the super class

def toString(self):

return "{} is {} cm tall and {} kilograms and says {}. His owner is {}".format(self.get_name(), self.get_height(), self.get_weight(), self.get_sound(), self.__owner)

# You don't have to require attributes to be sent

# This allows for method overloading

def multiple_sounds(self, how_many=None):

if how_many is None:

print(self.get_sound)

else:

print(self.get_sound() * how_many)

spot = Dog("Spot", 53, 27, "Ruff", "Derek")

print(spot.toString())

# Polymorphism allows use to refer to objects as their super class

# and the correct functions are called automatically

class AnimalTesting:

def get_type(self, animal):

animal.get_type()

test_animals = AnimalTesting()

test_animals.get_type(cat)

test_animals.get_type(spot)

spot.multiple_sounds(4)</textarea></div>

</td>

<td class="crayon-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 12px !important; line-height: 15px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-1"><span class="crayon-c"># import is used to make specialty functions available</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-2"><span class="crayon-c"># These are called modules</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-3"><span class="crayon-r">import</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">random</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-4"><span class="crayon-r">import</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">sys</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-5"><span class="crayon-r">import</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">os</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-6"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-7"><span class="crayon-c"># Hello world is just one line of code</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-8"><span class="crayon-c"># print() outputs data to the screen</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-9"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">"Hello World"</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-10"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-11"><span class="crayon-s">'''</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-12"><span class="crayon-s">This is a multi-line comment</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-13"><span class="crayon-s">'''</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-14"> </div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-15"><span class="crayon-c"># A variable is a place to store values</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-16"><span class="crayon-c"># Its name is like a label for that value</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="crayon-5f049520b1141480567823-17"><span class="crayon-v">name</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="cra

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